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Here is your customized PHYSorg.com Newsletter for December 2, 2011:
Spotlight Stories Headlines
- The future cometh: Science, technology and humanity at Singularity Summit 2011 (Part II)- Simple technique results in surprising repellency results
- Spandex manufacturer makes elastic electrical cable (w/ video)
- New study suggests how toads might predict earthquakes
- Scalable amounts of liver and pancreas precursor cells created using new stem cell production method
- Crystallizing the switch to hydrogen
- Double duty
- Monitoring food with millimeter waves
- How do we learn to speak and read?
- What's that sparkle in Cassini's eye?
- Caltech-led team of astronomers finds 18 new planets
- Cheap beads offer alternative solar-heating storage
- China post office offers letters from space
- Instant nanodots grow on silicon to form sensing array
- Smartphone addicts starting to feel the pain
Space & Earth news
Course excellent, adjustment postponed
Excellent launch precision for NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission has forestalled the need for an early trajectory correction maneuver, now not required for a month or more.
Unique geologic insights from 'non-unique' gravity and magnetic interpretation
(PhysOrg.com) -- In many fields of applied science, such as geology, there are often tensions and disagreements between scientists who specialize in analyses of problems using mathematical models to describe sets of collected data, and those that rely on on-the-ground observations and empirical analyses. One common source of these disagreements arises from applications of geophysics -- studies of variations in gravity or Earth's magnetic field -- that use models that are strictly (from a mathematical point of view) non-unique. For example, using theories derived from Isaac Newton's studies of gravitational attraction, a geophysicist who measures local variations in gravitational acceleration that are produced by contrasts in the density of rocks below Earth's surface can calculate an infinite set of mathematically valid sources (with different shapes, depths, and contrasts in density) that would explain the measured gravity difference (or anomaly). This theoretical non-uni! queness leads many geologists to conclude that such geophysical information is of limited value, given the infinite number of possible correct answers to those numerical problems.
Volcanic destruction? Not always
For many, the story of Pompeii defines what happens when a volcano erupts: It destroys everything in its path and kills everyone who cannot escape.
Simultaneous ice melt in Antarctic and Arctic
The end of the last ice age and the processes that led to the melting of the northern and southern ice sheets supply basic information on changes in our climate. Although the maximum size of the ice sheet in the northern hemisphere during the last ice age is relatively well known, there is little reliable data on the dimensions of the Antarctic ice sheet. A publication appearing in the journal Science on 1 December now furnishes indications that the two hemispheres attained their maximum ice sheet size at nearly the same time and started melting 19,000 years ago.
When it comes to hurricanes, climate change effects may be 'a wash'
In some ways, hurricane season 2011, which ended Wednesday, seems to fit right in with the wild weather wreaking havoc in recent years - a string of severe floods, droughts and heat waves that the world's top climate scientists recently warned will likely worsen with global warming.
Geoengineering could save Earth -- or destroy it
(AP) -- Brighten clouds with sea water? Spray aerosols high in the stratosphere? Paint roofs white and plant light-colored crops? How about positioning "sun shades" over the Earth?
Report suggests biomass energy won't harm food production
(PhysOrg.com) -- Biomass could cover 20% of the global energy supply without harming production of food, a new report released in the United Kingdom says. Reviewing over 90 international studies, the report was produced by the Technology and Policy Assessment function of the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC), which tackles the challenges faced by the energy sector and seeks to provide solid and accessible reports that set high standards for rigour and transparency.
New bamboo charcoal tech to jumpstart African bioenergy sector, slow deforestation and climate change
Bamboo, a plant not often associated with Africa, may be the key to combating soil degradation and massive deforestation on the continent as an alternative source of energy.
Dawn soars over asteroid Vesta in 3-D
Glide over the giant asteroid Vesta with NASA's Dawn spacecraft in a new 3-D video. Dawn has been orbiting Vesta since July 15, obtaining high-resolution images of its bumpy, cratered surface and making other scientific measurements.
What's that sparkle in Cassini's eye?
The moon Enceladus, one of the jewels of the Saturn system, sparkles peculiarly bright in new images obtained by NASA's Cassini spacecraft. The images of the moon, the first ever taken of Enceladus with Cassini's synthetic aperture radar, reveal new details of some of the grooves in the moon's south polar region and unexpected textures in the ice. These images, obtained on Nov. 6, 2011, are the highest-resolution images of this region obtained so far.
China post office offers letters from space
China's post office is hoping to boost business by allowing customers to send letters postmarked from space.
Caltech-led team of astronomers finds 18 new planets
Discoveries of new planets just keep coming and coming. Take, for instance, the 18 recently found by a team of astronomers led by scientists at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).
Technology news
Virtual predictions beat destruction
(PhysOrg.com) -- Before computer modelling there was only one way to discover the limits of a metal alloy, or any other material – test it to destruction. The problems with this approach are obvious: it’s expensive, wastes resources and takes time.
Lying and sitting more comfortably
(PhysOrg.com) -- Anyone confined to a wheelchair or a bed has to deal with numerous complications. Frequently, they suffer from bedsores or decubitus ulcers as physicians call them. Bony prominences, such as the sacrum, coccyx and ischium, are especially endangered spots. Unrelieved pressure can lead to tissue necrosis. Damage can extend into the periosteum and, at the worst, into bones themselves.
Gas conversion for clean fuels and value-added chemicals
(PhysOrg.com) -- The Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), a research institute of The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), and IHI Corporation (IHI) start their collaboration in areas of environmental and energy related technologies. A research collaboration agreement was signed by Dr. Keith Carpenter, Executive Director of ICES and Mr. Yoshio Kusaba, Associate Director & Deputy General Manager of IHI Corporate Research & Development.
Zynga plans to raise up to $1.15B in IPO
(AP) -- Online game maker Zynga says it plans to raise up to $1.15 billion in an initial public offering of 115 million shares in the latest in a spate of Internet IPOs
China broadband to get faster, cheaper
Two government-owned Chinese telecom firms said Friday they would raise the speed of their broadband services while lowering their costs over the next five years, state-run media reported.
AOL's Steve Case launches $450 mn investment fund
AOL co-founder Steve Case and two former top AOL executives announced Thursday they have raised $450 million to invest in start-ups located outside of Silicon Valley.
Businessmen unveil plans for 'Muslim Facebook'
A group of Muslim businessmen unveiled plans in Turkey on Thursday for a Facebook-style social networking site with "healthy values" for a young, Islamic audience.
Obama, Clinton to announce energy saving program
(AP) -- Enlisting former President Bill Clinton as a partner, President Barack Obama is announcing a $4 billion effort to increase the energy efficiency of government and private sector buildings, aiming for fuel savings and job creation at no cost to taxpayers.
Chu: New materials could be transformative
In a talk rich with historical examples, U.S. Secretary of Energy Steven Chu made a strong case Wednesday that the right policies — and concerted efforts by the nation’s engineers and scientists — could once again produce significant growth in domestic manufacturing jobs, while addressing global problems of energy supply and climate change.
Interdigitated back-contact silicon solar cells above 23% efficiency
Imec together with its silicon photovoltaic industrial affiliation program partners Schott Solar, Total, Photovoltech, GDF-SUEZ, Solland Solar, Kaneka and Dow Corning, have demonstrated an excellent conversion efficiency of 23.3% on interdigitated back-contact (IBC) silicon solar cells.
Credit card use depends on what you know -- and what you think you know
To manage credit cards efficiently, it goes without saying that it's important to have a firm understanding of finance. But equally important to good credit-card practices is what you think you know about finance, a national study shows.
Thinner thermal insulation
(PhysOrg.com) -- Insulation panels that are both thin and effective are expensive. At present these high-end products are built into energy-saving refrigerators. Innovative components and production techniques are now set to sink the costs – so that private home-builders can also benefit from the new technology.
Study confirms many of us go online for no reason
(AP) -- For anyone who needed official word, a new study confirms that many of us - and the majority of young adults - go online for no good reason at all.
Apple's Grand Central store opening on December 9
Apple announced on Thursday it will open its new store in Grand Central Terminal next week as state authorities said they are looking into whether the company is paying enough for the prime location.
Google mulling online retail move: report
Internet powerhouse Google is in talks with major retailers about an online shopping service that would deliver purchases to buyers within 24 hours, The Wall Street Journal reported Thursday.
RIM writes off value of tablet inventory
(AP) -- Research In Motion Ltd., the struggling maker of the BlackBerry phones, is writing off much of its inventory of PlayBook tablets, since it has to sell them at a deep discount.
YouTube renovates website with a new look, format
(AP) -- YouTube has reprogrammed its website to make it easier for viewers to find and watch their favorite channels.
A novel way to concentrate sun's heat
Most technologies for harnessing the sun’s energy capture the light itself, which is turned into electricity using photovoltaic materials. Others use the sun’s thermal energy, usually concentrating the sunlight with mirrors to generate enough heat to boil water and turn a generating turbine. A third, less common approach is to use the sun’s heat — also concentrated by mirrors — to generate electricity directly, using solid-state devices called thermophotovoltaics, which have their roots at MIT dating back to the 1950s.
Monitoring food with millimeter waves
Has the packet been properly filled? Are there impurities in the chocolate? Have the plastic seams been welded correctly? Is there a knife hidden in the parcel? Answers to all these questions are provided by SAMMI, short for Stand Alone MilliMeter wave Imager. The millimeter-wave sensor is able to see through all non-transparent materials. Researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques FHR in Wachtberg have developed the device, whichat 50 centimeters wide and 32 centimeters high is no larger than a compact laser printer.
Cheap beads offer alternative solar-heating storage
A cheap material that can store heat energy collected from the sun during the day that can be released slowly over night has been developed by researchers in the India. The material based on paraffin wax and stearic acid is described in a forthcoming issue of the International Journal of Renewable Energy Technology and could help keep homes warm in sunny parts of the world that get very cold at night without burning wood or fossil fuels.
Spandex manufacturer makes elastic electrical cable (w/ video)
(PhysOrg.com) -- Japanese company Asahi Kasei Fibers, which manufactures spandex and other textiles, has applied its knowledge of stretchable materials to make stretchable elastic power and USB cables.
The future cometh: Science, technology and humanity at Singularity Summit 2011 (Part II)
(PhysOrg.com) -- In its essence, technology can be seen as our perpetually evolving attempt to extend our sensorimotor cortex into physical reality: From the earliest spears and boomerangs augmenting our arms, horses and carts our legs, and fire our environment, we’re now investigating and manipulating the fabric of that reality – including the very components of life itself. Moreover, this progression has not been linear, but instead follows an iterative curve of inflection points demarcating disruptive changes in dominant societal paradigms. Suggested by mathematician Vernor Vinge in his acclaimed science fiction novel True Names (1981) and introduced explicitly in his essay The Coming Technological Singularity (1993), the term was popularized by inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil in The Singularity is Near (2005). The two even had a Singularity Chat in 2002.
Medicine & Health news
Innovative approaches help sleep apnea sufferers benefit from CPAP
People with obstructive sleep apnea are more likely to stick to prescribed treatment when a partner or parent is involved with their treatment, according to a team of sleep researchers.
Court: Some bone marrow donors can be paid
(AP) -- A federal appeals court ruled Thursday that most bone marrow donors can be paid, overturning a decades-old law that made such compensation a crime.
Probiotics reduce infections for patients in intensive care
Traumatic brain injury is associated with a profound suppression of the patient's ability to fight infection. At the same time the patient also often suffers hyper-inflammation, due to the brain releasing glucocorticoids in response to the injury. New research published in BioMed Central's open access journal Critical Care shows that including probiotics with nutrients, supplied via the patient's feeding tube, increased interferon levels, reduced the number of infections, and even reduced the amount of time patients spent in intensive care.
Northwestern to explore personalized medicine for scleroderma
Northwestern Medicine researchers have received two five-year grants totaling $953,000 from the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases to study scleroderma, an autoimmune disease for which there currently is no cure. The grants will enable researchers at Northwestern to identify biomarkers for the disease, and are the first step in developing a national resource for investigators studying scleroderma.
Novel synthetic bone graft in running for national innovation award
A new and exciting synthetic bone graft to repair bone defects and trauma could take a valuable step nearer to being used in orthopaedic operating theatres, as an innovative Aberdeen company waits to hear if it has won a major UK award for innovation.
High blood pressure may point to hidden health problems for kids in the ER
(Medical Xpress) -- More than half of children admitted to an urban Florida pediatric emergency department had elevated blood pressure, according to a study published in the journal Pediatric Emergency Care.
Fewer young, but more elderly, have driver's license
A lower proportion of young people have a driver's license today compared to their counterparts in the early 1980s—a trend not found among older age groups, a University of Michigan study shows.
Trauma drug first for civilian ambulance service
A drug currently used to reduce bleeding in operating theatres and in trauma in the armed forces is set to be used by a civilian ambulance service for the first time.
Notre Dame, Purdue and GE Healthcare partner on "ultra low" radiation-dose, high clarity CT technology
Demonstrating their shared legacy of innovative research and commitment to patient-centered medical technology, the University of Notre Dame, Purdue University and GE Healthcare have announced the commercial availability of a new CT scanning technology, called Veo™, that enables physicians to diagnose patients with high clarity images at previously-unattainable low radiation dose levels.
Bone cancer patients needed for study of potential pain treatment
(Medical Xpress) -- People with cancer that has spread to their bones are being recruited by Stanford University School of Medicine researchers for a clinical trial that will assess the use of ultrasound to alleviate pain.
Disabled children do matter
Many disabled children fail to reach their full potential because they continue to be marginalised in schools, health and social care, according to new research funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC).
China death not linked to 'product quality': Coke
Coca-Cola said Friday there was no "product quality issue" with its Pulpy Milky drinks, after a boy who had consumed the product died and three others fell ill.
Costly intervention program has no measurable effect on early retirement
Most of us would agree that prevention is better than cure. But new results out in the journal Clinical Rehabilitation, published by SAGE, indicate that a costly intervention programme designed to reduce early retirement on health grounds in Finland had no measurable effect.
Asthma rates double for WTC first responders
The American Journal of Industrial Medicine recently published a study showing that World Trade Center (WTC) responders suffer from asthma at more than twice the rate of the general U.S. population as a result of their exposure to the toxic dust from the collapse of the WTC towers in 2001. Preliminary study results were previously presented in CHEST in 2009.
Bitter sensitive children eat more vegetables with help of dip
There's an existential crisis that often happens at dinner tables across the country: why won't kids eat their vegetables? Research has found that one reason could be a sensitivity to bitterness, fairly common among children – about 70 percent have it.
Measles outbreaks on the rise across Europe
(AP) -- After years of decline, measles is on the rise in Europe, according to a new report released Thursday.
Lower antioxidant level might explain higher skin-cancer rate in males
Men are three times more likely than women to develop a common form of skin cancer but medical science doesn't know why. A new study may provide part of the answer.
Otago research reveals most Kiwis eating too much salt
(Medical Xpress) -- Nearly two-thirds (65%) of adult New Zealanders are consuming more sodium than current nutrition guidelines recommend, according to analysis of urine samples taken from 3000 people who took part in the latest New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey.
Pregnant women at risk from high street coffee shops
High street coffee chains are unwittingly putting pregnant women at risk due to huge variations in their caffeine content.
Scientists merge spider silk, human muscle to design a novel, self-assembling peptide
(Medical Xpress) -- Because of its high water content and polymer network, peptide hydrogel is a promising material for protein storage and transfer without significant loss of their biological activity. These hydrogels have potential as injectable materials for medical applications, e.g., liquid injection agents that become gelatinous in the human body to keep drugs around cancerous tumors. In this study, scientists from Kansas State University, University of Nebraska, and PNNL used two native functional sequences from spider flagelliform silk protein and a trans-membrane motif of human muscle L-type calcium channel to design a self-assembling peptide, h9e.
A breakthrough in pinpointing protective mechanisms in Multiple Sclerosis
In an article published in the prestigious journal Science, a team of researchers led by Dr Alexander Prat and postgraduate fellow Jorge Alvarez at the University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM) sheds light on how the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) works to prevent the incursion of the immune system into the brain. “Our findings provide a better understanding of the mechanisms used by the brain in mounting a natural defence against immune system aggression, as is the case in Multiple Sclerosis” explains Dr Prat.
Even unconsciously, sound helps us see
“Imagine you are playing ping-pong with a friend. Your friend makes a serve. Information about where and when the ball hit the table is provided by both vision and hearing. Scientists have believed that each of the senses produces an estimate relevant for the task (in this example, about the location or time of the ball’s impact) and then these votes get combined subconsciously according to rules that take into account which sense is more reliable. And this is how the senses interact in how we perceive the world. However, our findings show that the senses of hearing and vision can also interact at a more basic level, before they each even produce an estimate,” says Ladan Shams, a UCLA professor of psychology, and the senior author of a new study appearing in the December issue of Psychological Science, a journal published by the Association for Psychological Science. “If we think of the perceptual system as a democracy where each sense is like a pe! rson casting a vote and all votes are counted (albeit with different weights) to reach a decision, what our study shows is that the voters talk to one another and influence one another even before each casts a vote.”
Largest ever heart stem cell studies get underway
Two linked clinical studies that will show whether stem cell therapy can save the lives of heart attack patients are now underway in London, following the award of €11.7 million funding from the European Commission.
Protein sheds insight into vCJD
A protein linked to the immune system could play a key role in helping scientists understand how vCJD spreads throughout the body.
It takes a sugar to catch a sugar
After every meal, the hormone insulin is released into the bloodstream, issuing instructions to target cells to begin taking up excess sugar. In some situations, however, cells stop responding to these signals; and this insulin-resistant state is associated with onset of type 2 diabetes. Unexpected findings from Tadashi Suzuki’s group at the RIKEN Advanced Science Institute in Wako have now revealed how a cellular malfunction may contribute to this insulin resistance.
Recognizing blood poisoning quickly
(Medical Xpress) -- Is the patient suffering from blood poisoning? To answer this question, the doctor draws a blood sample and sends it to a central laboratory for testing. This takes up valuable time, which could cost the patient his life.
First aid after tick bites
(Medical Xpress) -- They come out in the spring, and each year they spread further – the ticks. Thirty percent of them transmit borrelia pathogens, the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis that can damage joints and organs. The disease often goes undetected. In the future, a new type of gel is intended to prevent an infection – if applied after a tick bite.
Engineering cartilage replacements
A lab discovery is a step toward implantable replacement cartilage, holding promise for knees, shoulders, ears and noses damaged by osteoarthritis, sports injuries and accidents.
A natural dye obtained from lichens may combat Alzheimer's disease
A red dye derived from lichens that has been used for centuries to color fabrics and food appears to reduce the abundance of small toxic protein aggregates in Alzheimer's disease. The dye, a compound called orcein, and a related substance, called O4, bind preferentially to small amyloid aggregates that are considered to be toxic and cause neuronal dysfunction and memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease.
Rresearch improves diagnosis and potential treatment of neuromyelitis optica
Mayo Clinic researchers have identified critical steps leading to myelin destruction in neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a debilitating neurological disease that is commonly misdiagnosed as multiple sclerosis (MS). The findings could lead to better care for the thousands of patients around the world with NMO. The paper was published in the journal, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA.
Are doing harm and allowing harm equivalent? Ask fMRI
People typically say they are invoking an ethical principle when they judge acts that cause harm more harshly than willful inaction that allows that same harm to occur. That difference is even codified in criminal law. A new study based on brain scans, however, shows that people make that moral distinction automatically. Researchers found that it requires conscious reasoning to decide that active and passive behaviors that are equally harmful are equally wrong.
If a fat tax is coming, here's how to make it efficient, effective
A 'sin tax' applied to sweetened goods on store shelves is not the most efficient, effective method of lowering caloric intake from sweet food and would be more disruptive to consumers than necessary, according to Iowa State University research.
Cells use allergic response to protect against cancer-causing damage
(Medical Xpress) -- CANCER RESEARCH UK scientists have found that the body’s surveillance for cancer causing damage and its response to allergies share a common pathway, according to research published in Science.
How do we learn to speak and read?
Do you remember how you learned to speak? Most people do not recall learning how to talk, or know how it is that they can understand others. The process involves a complex coordination of moving air from our lungs in coordination with the larynx, palate, jaw, tongue, and lips to form vowels and consonants that express a thought originating in the neural network of the brain.
Double duty
When Collin Stultz was 4 years old, his Jamaican parents moved their family to Brooklyn, N.Y., in search of a better life. The Stultzes wanted their children to achieve the American dream — which, to them, meant becoming a doctor or lawyer.
Smartphone addicts starting to feel the pain
Users of smartphones and tablet computers are starting to get high-tech blues, as increasing numbers of the tech savvy are coming down with ailments from "text neck" to "text thumb injury".
Biology news
Fish cage culture catches on in Nepal
Researchers supported by IDRC guided the first families into this new venture when the construction of a hydro dam flooded the area in 1982.
2 top biological imaging centers offer powerful free online tool to researchers and public
The collaboration of two leading cell image resource centers now provides a more extensive and advanced facility for archiving, sharing, and analyzing microscope images in great detail. The American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB) and the National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research (NCMIR) at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), have joined forces to provide a unified interface. This union extends ASCB's The Cell: An Image Library website with new capabilities and an extensible software infrastructure.
Mass electrocution kills 140 flamingos in India
Nearly 140 greater flamingos were killed in a wildlife sanctuary in western India when they were startled and flew into a string of high tension power lines, a forest official said Friday.
Green: The new color of rice
Rice consumers worldwide can now look forward to eating "green" rice with the launch of an initiative that will set environmentally sustainable and socially responsible rice production management standards.
Forage know-how gives Wisconsin farmers an edge in growing biomass
Wisconsin farmers have been growing biomass for generations, says Kevin Shinners. They just have a different name for it.
S.Africa: Funds raised to fight rhino poaching
(AP) -- A fundraising campaign aimed at putting rhino poachers in jail was welcomed Friday by a South African conservationist.
Where Antarctic predatory seabirds overwinter
In order to identify the flight routes of the birds, postgraduate Matthias Kopp, under the guidance of Dr. Peter, equipped South Polar skuas with geolocators in their breeding areas on King George Island, about 120 kilometers off the Antarctic Mainland. Thus he has been screening their position data over a period of several years, followed by an analysis together with British colleagues and a scientist from Switzerland. "With the help of these data we can now for the first time definitely say that the South Polar skuas are not overwintering, like their close relatives, the brown skuas, off the Argentine coast but mainly in the northern hemisphere", explains the head of research, Dr. Peter. So far the scientists could only speculate about where the birds overwinter and which routes they are heading for. "The observation of single birds led us to the assumption that they overwinter in the Atlantic. But so far it wasn't known that a great part of them stay as well in the midd! le of the Northern Pacific in the winter", says the Jena scientist who has been researching in Antarctica since 1983 on a regular basis.
Plant seeds protect their genetic material against dehydration
Plant seeds represent a special biological system: They remain in a dormant state with a significantly reduced metabolism and are thus able to withstand harsh environmental conditions for extended periods. The water content of maturing seeds is lower than ten percent.
Baby turtles don't just go with the flow
At just a few centimeters long, hatchling loggerhead turtles may seem powerless to resist being swept around the Atlantic Ocean by powerful currents.
Scalable amounts of liver and pancreas precursor cells created using new stem cell production method
Scientists in Canada have overcome a key research hurdle to developing regenerative treatments for diabetes and liver disease with a technique to produce medically useful amounts of endoderm cells from human pluripotent stem cells. The research, published in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, can be transferred to other areas of stem cell research helping scientists to navigate the route to clinical use known as the 'valley of death'.
New study suggests how toads might predict earthquakes
The trouble with earthquakes, other than their obvious devastation, is that thus far they have proved to be very nearly impossible to predict, despite considerable effort towards that goal; being able to do so would obviously save a lot of lives. Also, despite the fact that there is literally hundreds, if not thousands of years of anecdotal evidence suggesting that some animals may have some innate ability to predict quakes, modern research has instead been steadfastly focused on studying the Earth, rocks, faults, etc.
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