23 September 2010 Volume 467 Number 7314, pp 367 - 494
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A meeting of minds
Each year, a few hundred young scientists meet with Nobel prize
winning scientists on the German island of Lindau. We joined them
to celebrate the 60th anniversary of this unique meeting of minds.
Watch this week's film The handedness of life with Jack Szostak.
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----------------------
EDITORIALS
----------------------
Investment in Pakistan p367
Humanitarian aid for the stricken nation must include help for its
higher-education system, or risk undoing a decade of unprecedented
advancement.
doi:10.1038/467367a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=90&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
The killing fields p368
Plan to cull badgers in England shows the new government does not
respect scientific advice.
doi:10.1038/467368a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=99&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Announcement: Nature's new look p368
doi:10.1038/467368b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=96&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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WORLD VIEW
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Biopiracy rules should not block biological control pp369-369
Global regime on benefit-sharing for genetic resources should take
account of non-commercial interests, says Matthew Cock.
Matthew Cock
doi:10.1038/467369a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=3&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
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Animal behaviour: Same-shaped shoals p370
doi:10.1038/467370a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=63&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Genetics: Fast disease factor p370
doi:10.1038/467370b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=68&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Biomimetics: Material monitors mugginess p370
doi:10.1038/467370c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=74&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Cell biology: Lung lipid hurts breathing pp370-371
doi:10.1038/467370d
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=79&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Immunology: Vessels block inflammation p371
doi:10.1038/467371a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=124&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Molecular biology: Proteins actin' differently p371
doi:10.1038/467371b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=94&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Neuroscience: No brain pain control p371
doi:10.1038/467371c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=107&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Zoology: Cooperative flatworms p371
doi:10.1038/467371d
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=101&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Epigenetics: Mapping methylation p371
doi:10.1038/467371e
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=120&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
COMMUNITY CHOICE
Regenerative biology: Rat pancreas for mice p371
doi:10.1038/467371f
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=114&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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SEVEN DAYS
----------------------
Seven days: 23 September 2010 pp372-373
The week in science
doi:10.1038/467372a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=240&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
NEWS
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French bid to save rock art pp375-376
Revamped conservation effort aims to correct mistakes made in
preserving cave paintings.
Declan Butler
doi:10.1038/467375a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=238&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Energy: Fuel and waste no bar to US nuclear growth pp376-377
Report finds that plentiful fuel supplies and temporary storage will
buy decades of time to develop a longer-term strategy.
Jeff Tollefson
doi:10.1038/467376a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=236&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Boom and bust plagues Pakistan's universities pp378-379
A bold experiment to build scientific leadership comes crashing back
to Earth.
Geoff Brumfiel and Mason Inman
doi:10.1038/467378a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=234&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
China pushes for the proteome p380
Strategy to build a complete catalogue of human proteins could put
the country in a leading position.
David Cyranoski
doi:10.1038/467380a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=271&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Climate: When the North Atlantic caught a chill p381
Surface cooling could have pushed down temperatures in the Northern
Hemisphere 40 years ago.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi:10.1038/467381a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=268&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
FEATURES
----------------------
Research funding: Making the cut pp383-385
Careers are made and broken by grant-funding committees. So how are
the key decisions really made?
Kendall Powell
doi:10.1038/467383a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=266&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Atmospheric science: A towering experiment pp386-387
An ambitious project to track greenhouse gases from a perch high
above the Amazon forest will provide crucial data — but only if
scientists can get it built.
Jeff Tollefson
doi:10.1038/467386a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=251&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Science and society: a Pacific divide pp388-389
A global survey of the scientifically literate public reveals a
Pacific divide on key issues in science.
David Cyranoski
doi:10.1038/467388a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=257&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
COMMENT
----------------------
A US nuclear future? pp391-393
Building nuclear power plants in the United States could be the best
clean alternative to coal in the near future. Or it could be a costly
mistake.
Charles D. Ferguson, Lindsey E. Marburger, J. Doyne Farmer and
Arjun Makhijani
doi:10.1038/467391a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=37&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Patent fixes for Europe p395
The continent's patent system is Byzantine, but current proposals for
a new EU-wide patent could make matters worse, warns Bruno van
Pottelsberghe de la Potterie.
Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie
doi:10.1038/467395a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=33&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
BOOKS AND ARTS
----------------------
Biography: From grasshopper to grand old man pp396-397
Jonathan Hodgkin enjoys a life story of Sydney Brenner, one of the
fathers of molecular biology.
Jonathan Hodgkin reviews Sydney Brenner: A Biography
by Errol C. Friedberg
doi:10.1038/467396a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=35&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Books in brief p397
Joanne Baker
doi:10.1038/467397a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=28&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
In retrospect: The celestial message pp398-399
John Heilbron reflects on the first telescopic survey of the sky,
published 400 years ago.
John L. Heilbron reviews Sidereus nuncius (The Celestial Messenger)
by Galileo Galilei
doi:10.1038/467398a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=30&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Earth science: Fire from the depths p399
Powerful volcanoes remind us of the fragile boundary between Earth's
crust and mantle, finds Laura Spinney.
Laura Spinney reviews Supervolcano
doi:10.1038/467399a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=54&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
CORRESPONDENCE
----------------------
Basic research: goddess and cow p400
Rodney W. Nichols
doi:10.1038/467400a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=52&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Basic research: bizarre but essential p400
Jim Woodgett
doi:10.1038/467400b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=50&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Stimulus funds are being well spent p400
David W. Inouye
doi:10.1038/467400c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=48&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Middle East talks must include water pp400-401
Mark Zeitoun
doi:10.1038/467400d
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=46&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
More outreach for young scientists p401
Caroline J. Aalbers, Justus L. Groen and Suthesh Sivapalaratnam
doi:10.1038/467401a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=8&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Disclose all data in publications p401
Keith Baggerly
doi:10.1038/467401b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=10&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Why the inaction on biodiversity? p401
Guillaume Chapron, Raphael Arlettaz and Luigi Boitani
doi:10.1038/467401c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=1&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
DNA dealt wrong hand on cover p401
Michael Eisen
doi:10.1038/467401d
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=4&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
NEWS & VIEWS
----------------------
Malaria: The gorilla connection pp404-405
Plasmodium falciparum is the agent of the deadliest form of human
malaria. A survey of Plasmodium diversity in African apes reveals
that western gorillas are the reservoir species for this parasite.
See Article p. 420
Edward C. Holmes
doi:10.1038/467404a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=6&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Extrasolar planets: More giants in focus pp405-406
A fresh analysis of data from gravitational microlensing surveys for
planets orbiting stars other than the Sun finds that gas-giant
planets similar to Jupiter are more common than previously thought.
John Chambers
doi:10.1038/467405a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=26&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Gene expression: The coherent Mediator pp406-407
Enhancer sequences increase gene transcription with the help of a
co-activator complex, the Mediator. Another protein complex --
cohesin -- seems to work with Mediator to bring together enhancers
and promoters. See Article p. 430
Rolf Ohlsson
doi:10.1038/467406a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=24&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Biological imaging: Beyond fluorescence pp407-408
Nanoparticles that generate light through a mechanism known as second
harmonic generation have been used to image live tissue. The
particles overcome many problems associated with fluorescent probes
for bioimaging.
Bruce E. Cohen
doi:10.1038/467407a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=17&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Microscopy: A new phase for X-ray imaging pp409-410
A fine marriage between two approaches to X-ray microscopy --
computed tomography and ptychographic imaging -- delivers
high-resolution, three-dimensional images of samples without the need
for lenses. See Letter p. 436
Henry N. Chapman
doi:10.1038/467409a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=276&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Host-microbe interaction: Inflammation for growth pp410-411
How does a Salmonella pathogen outcompete beneficial intestinal
microorganisms? It triggers an immune response that generates a
compound from intestinal gas that it can utilize as an energy source.
See Article p. 426
Samuel I. Miller
doi:10.1038/467410a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=282&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Complex systems: Foreseeing tipping points pp411-412
Theory suggests that the risk of critical transitions in complex
systems can be revealed by generic indicators. A lab study of
extinction in plankton populations provides experimental support for
that principle. See Letter p. 456
Marten Scheffer
doi:10.1038/467411a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=288&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Physical chemistry: Seaming is believing pp412-413
Do excited molecules relaxing to their ground state pass through a
'seam' connecting the potential energy profiles of the states?
Experimental data suggest the answer to this long-standing question
is 'yes'. See Letter p. 440
Todd J. Martinez
doi:10.1038/467412a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=244&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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REVIEW
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Small RNAs are on the move pp415-419
Daniel H. Chitwood and Marja C. P. Timmermans
doi:10.1038/nature09351
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=160&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=262&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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ARTICLES
----------------------
Origin of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in
gorillas pp420-425
The evolutionary origin of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium
falciparum has been much debated. Genetic analysis of a large number
of faecal samples from wild-living African apes now shows that
Plasmodium parasites from Western gorillas are most closely related
to the human parasite. The data suggest that human P. falciparum
evolved from a gorilla parasite after a single host transfer event.
Weimin Liu et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09442
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=159&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=25&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Gut inflammation provides a respiratory electron acceptor for
Salmonella pp426-429
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium causes acute gut
inflammation, which promotes the growth of the pathogen through
unknown mechanisms. It is now shown that the reactive oxygen species
generated during inflammation react with host-derived sulphur
compounds to produce tetrathionate, which the pathogen uses as a
terminal electron acceptor to support its growth. The ability to use
tetrathionate provides the pathogen with a competitive advantage
over bacteria that lack this property.
Sebastian E. Winter et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09415
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=158&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=289&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Mediator and cohesin connect gene expression and chromatin
architecture pp430-435
Gene activation may involve the formation of a DNA loop that connects
enhancer-bound transcription factors with the transcription apparatus
at the core promoter. But this process is not well understood. Here,
two proteins, mediator and cohesin, are shown to connect the
enhancers and core promoters of active genes in embryonic stem cells.
These proteins seem to generate cell-type-specific DNA loops linked
to the gene expression program of each cell.
Michael H. Kagey et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09380
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=243&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=16&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
LETTERS
----------------------
Ptychographic X-ray computed tomography at the nanoscale pp436-439
Ptychographic X-ray imaging is a powerful technique for extracting
detailed phase (and hence structural) information from weakly
absorbing objects. Here it is shown how this technique can be
combined with methods for tomographic reconstruction to generate full
three-dimensional maps of the object under investigation. The
approach has sensitivity to density variations of less than one per
cent, and can resolve structures on the 100 nm length scale.
Martin Dierolf et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09419
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=245&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=284&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Conical intersection dynamics of the primary photoisomerization event
in vision pp440-443
Chemical reactions are usually described in terms of the movement of
nuclei between the potential energy surfaces of ground and excited
electronic states. Crossings known as conical intersections permit
efficient transitions between the surfaces. It is shown here that
ultrafast optical spectroscopy, with sub-20-fs time resolution and
spectral coverage from the visible to the near-infrared, can map the
isomerization of rhodopsin with sufficient resolution to shown that
a conical intersection is important in this crucial event in vision.
Dario Polli et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09346
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=247&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=258&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
An abrupt drop in Northern Hemisphere sea surface temperature around
1970 pp444-447
Global-mean surface temperatures have risen, fallen and risen again
during the twentieth century, with some differences between the
Northern and Southern hemispheres. The cooling is usually thought to
be due to a peak in sulphate aerosol production or to changes in the
climate of the world's oceans that arise over decades. Here it is
shown that an abrupt change in sea surface temperatures accounts for
much of the Northern Hemisphere cooling. The event was too rapid to
have been caused by aerosols or multidecadal variability.
David W. J. Thompson, John M. Wallace, John J. Kennedy and
Phil D. Jones
doi:10.1038/nature09394
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=250&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=112&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Water and its influence on the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary
pp448-451
What defines the boundary between the Earth's lithosphere and
asthenosphere? Here it is shown experimentally that the instability
of the hydrous mineral pargasite at depths greater than about 90 km
causes a sharp drop in the water-storage capacity of a fertile
upper-mantle mineralogy, and accordingly a sharp drop in its solidus
temperate. This effect might define the lithosphere-asthenosphere
boundary.
David H. Green, William O. Hibberson, Istvan Kovacs and Anja Rosenthal
doi:10.1038/nature09369
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=253&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=121&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Fault weakening and earthquake instability by powder lubrication
pp452-455
Earthquake instability has long been attributed to fault weakening
during accelerated slip, but what are the mechanisms that control
this weakening? Here laboratory evidence is presented for the dynamic
weakening of faults that are sheared at velocities approaching
earthquake slip rates. The experimental faults, made from solid
granite blocks, quickly wore to form a fine-grain rock powder, known
as gouge, which reduced the faults' strength. It is concluded that
only newly formed gouge can weaken the experimental faults.
Ze'ev Reches and David A. Lockner
doi:10.1038/nature09348
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=256&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=81&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Early warning signals of extinction in deteriorating environments
pp456-459
Populations that become extinct because of environmental degradation
pass a tipping point, after which extinction is inevitable. But
theory predicts that the population's dynamics indicate what is
coming beforehand, through the phenomenon of critical slowing down.
It has now been shown that critical slowing down can be used to
anticipate extinction in experimental populations of Daphnia magna.
John M. Drake and Blaine D. Griffen
doi:10.1038/nature09389
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=259&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=246&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
A trans-acting locus regulates an anti-viral expression network and
type 1 diabetes risk pp460-464
Here, a combination of genetic studies of gene expression,
cross-species network analysis and genome-wide association studies
has been used to identify gene networks and the loci underlying their
regulation in rats. The results show that an inflammatory network
driven by interferon regulatory factor 7 contributes to
susceptibility to type 1 diabetes, and implicate the innate
viral-response pathway and macrophages in the aetiology of this
disease.
Matthias Heinig et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09386
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=261&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=69&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Oligomeric organization of the B-cell antigen receptor on resting
cells pp465-469
B cells are activated by many different antigens to produce
appropriate antibodies. B cells express up to 120,000 B-cell antigen
receptor (BCR) complexes on their surface, but how do these complexes
remain silent on resting B cells, and how are they activated? It is
found here that the BCR on resting cells forms oligomers, and that
these may be an autoinhibited form of the receptor. Disruption of the
oligomer shifts B cells towards activation.
Jianying Yang and Michael Reth
doi:10.1038/nature09357
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=263&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=170&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Role of a ribosome-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase in protein quality
control pp470-473
The translation of messenger RNA that lacks stop codons results in
the production of aberrant proteins, which may have harmful effects
on the cell. It is unclear how eukaryotic cells eliminate these
'non-stop' proteins. Here it is shown that, in Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, an E3 ubiquitin ligase called Ltn1 acts in the
quality-control pathway. It associates with ribosomes and marks
non-stop proteins with ubiquitin, which targets the proteins for
degradation.
Mario H. Bengtson and Claudio A. P. Joazeiro
doi:10.1038/nature09371
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=264&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=171&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Checkpoint-dependent inhibition of DNA replication initiation by Sld3
and Dbf4 phosphorylation pp474-478
Two classes of enzyme -- cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and
Dbf4-dependent kinase (DDK) -- facilitate the initiation of DNA
replication in eukaryotes. It is now shown that, when DNA damage is
sensed, another kinase, Rad53, halts the firing of late replication
origins by inhibiting both the CDK and the DDK pathways. Rad53 acts
on DDK directly by inhibiting Dbf4, whereas the CDK pathway is
blocked by Rad53-mediated phosphorylation of the downstream CDK
substrate Sld3.
Philip Zegerman and John F. X. Diffley
doi:10.1038/nature09373
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=278&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=175&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Damage-induced phosphorylation of Sld3 is important to block late
origin firing pp479-483
Two classes of enzyme -- cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and
Dbf4-dependent kinase (DDK) -- facilitate the initiation of DNA
replication in eukaryotes. It is now shown that, when DNA damage is
sensed, another kinase, Rad53, halts the firing of late replication
origins by inhibiting both the CDK and the DDK pathways. Rad53 acts
on DDK directly by inhibiting Dbf4, whereas the CDK pathway is
blocked by Rad53-mediated phosphorylation of the downstream CDK
substrate Sld3.
Jaime Lopez-Mosqueda et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09377
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=273&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=202&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Crystal structures of the CusA efflux pump suggest methionine-mediated
metal transport pp484-488
Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, use tripartite
efflux complexes in the resistance-nodulation-cell division family to
expel toxic compounds from the cell. The CusCBA system is responsible
for removing biocidal Cu(I) and Ag(I) ions. Here, the X-ray crystal
structure is reported of CusA in the absence and presence of bound
Cu(I) or Ag(I). The structures reveal that the metal-binding sites
are located within the cleft region of the periplasmic domain. A
potential pathway for ion export is proposed.
Feng Long et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09395
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=275&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=195&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
NATUREJOBS
----------------------
Feature
What it takes to nurse a nest egg p489
Saving for retirement is not easy for most early-career academic
scientists. But they do have options.
Karen Kaplan
doi:10.1038/nj7314-489a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=283&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Career Briefs
Fewer researchers p491
South Africa aims to avert decline in the number of scientists.
doi:10.1038/nj7314-491a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=285&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Career Briefs
US applications up p491
Economic decline boosts graduate enrolment.
doi:10.1038/nj7314-491b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=279&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Career Briefs
Immigration cap looms p491
Country proposes limiting number of skilled workers from outside the
European Union.
doi:10.1038/nj7314-491c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=281&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
FUTURES
----------------------
likeMe p494
A friend in need.
Keith Brooke
doi:10.1038/467494a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=199&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
Advance Online Publication
----------------------
22 September 2010
Crystal structure of the human symplekin-Ssu72-CTD phosphopeptide
complex
Kehui Xiang et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09391
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=153&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=153&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Structure of a cation-bound multidrug and toxic compound extrusion
transporter
Xiao He et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09408
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=154&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=154&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
The ploidy conveyor of mature hepatocytes as a source of genetic
variation
Andrew W. Duncan et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09414
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=151&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=151&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
19 September 2010
Anisotropies in cortical tension reveal the physical basis of
polarizing cortical flows
Mirjam Mayer et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09376
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=146&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=146&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Laser cooling of a diatomic molecule
E. S. Shuman, J. F. Barry and D. DeMille
doi:10.1038/nature09443
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=166&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=166&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Asterless is a scaffold for the onset of centriole assembly
Nikola S. Dzhindzhev et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09445
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=162&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=162&m=35814605&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=ODI1NTkwMDcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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