Nature Neuroscience Contents: July 2015 Volume 18 Number 7, pp 927 - 1057

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TABLE OF CONTENTS July 2015 Volume 18, Issue 7 Editorial News and Views Reviews Brief Communications Articles Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement Nature Communications is now fully open access All new submissions if accepted, will be published open access and an article processing charge will apply. For more information visit the website. Visit our open access funding page or contact openaccess@nature.com to learn more on APC funding.   Editorial Top Welcome aboard!   p927 doi:10.1038/nn.4059 Nature Neuroscience editors share useful tips on the initial submission process. News and Views Top Genetic variation links creativity to psychiatric disorders   pp928 - 929 Matthew C Keller and Peter M Visscher doi:10.1038/nn.4047 Epidemiological studies and anecdotal evidence show overlap between psychiatric disorders and creativity, but why? A new study uses genome-wide association data from schizophrenia and bipolar disorder to show that genetics are part of the explanation. See also: Brief Communication by Power et al. Go with your gut: microbiota meet microglia   pp930 - 931 Kira Irving Mosher and Tony Wyss-Coray doi:10.1038/nn.4051 Discovering the environmental factors that control microglia is key to understanding and managing brain health. A new study finds that microbiota in the gut are essential to the regulation of microglial maturation and activation. See also: Article by Erny et al. MIR137: big impacts from small changes   pp931 - 933 Jinju Han, Anindita Sarkar and Fred H Gage doi:10.1038/nn.4045 Schizophrenia-linked single nucleotide polymorphisms in MIR137 alter expression of miR-137 in neurons. Abnormal expression of miR-137 affects vesicle release at presynaptic terminals and in turn alters hippocampal functioning. See also: Article by Siegert et al. How amyloid, sleep and memory connect   pp933 - 934 Brendan P Lucey and David M Holtzman doi:10.1038/nn.4048 In a bidirectional relationship, the sleep/wake cycle regulates amyloid-β (Aβ) levels and Aβ accumulation then disrupts sleep. A quantitative three-way model now suggests that Aβ impairs memory via its effect on sleep. See also: Article by Mander et al. Neuroscience JOBS of the week Director, Neuroscience Institute University of Iowa Postdoc positions in neuroscience (stem cell biology, gene expression and regulation), and bioinformatics The University of Texas Medical School At Houston Postdoctoral Fellow in Neuroscience Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) Postdoc in Stem Cells and Regeneration in the Retina Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Post-doctoral Position In Motor Neuron Disease University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT 23rd Annual International STRESS AND BEHAVIOR Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Conference 19.05.16 Russian Federation More science events from Reviews Top Molecular mechanisms governing Ca2+ regulation of evoked and spontaneous release   pp935 - 941 Ralf Schneggenburger and Christian Rosenmund doi:10.1038/nn.4044 In this Review, Schneggenburger and Rosenmund discuss the molecular mechanisms that control the Ca2+ dependence of synaptic vesicle fusion during spontaneous and evoked modes of release at mammalian brain synapses. They argue that the same pool of vesicles is recruited during spontaneous and evoked release but at drastically different rates. Diversity of astrocyte functions and phenotypes in neural circuits   pp942 - 952 Baljit S Khakh and Michael V Sofroniew doi:10.1038/nn.4043 This Review article by Baljit Khakh and Michael Sofroniew discusses the latest progress in demonstration of molecular, cellular and functional heterogeneity of astrocytes in the central nervous system. The article highlights the way in which this diversity within and across astrocytes can affect normal function of the brain differently, and discusses pathological conditions where astrocyte heterogeneity is instrumental in manifesting various aspects of CNS dysfunction. Brief Communications Top Polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder predict creativity   pp953 - 955 Robert A Power, Stacy Steinberg, Gyda Bjornsdottir, Cornelius A Rietveld, Abdel Abdellaoui et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4040 Genetic risk scores derived from GWAS of psychotic disorders are greater in creative professionals unaffected by psychosis. This association cannot be explained by shared environment or education. Thus, a shared genetic architecture underlies the propensity for creativity and psychosis. See also: News and Views by Keller & Visscher Experience-dependent DNA methylation regulates plasticity in the developing visual cortex   pp956 - 958 Paola Tognini, Debora Napoli, Jonida Tola, Davide Silingardi, Floriana Della Ragione et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4026 This study shows that ocular dominance plasticity (ODP) is accompanied by changes to DNA methylation at specific genes in the mouse visual cortex. The authors also show that pharmacological inhibition of the DNA methylation process can alter the functional consequence of ODP. Activin receptor signaling regulates cocaine-primed behavioral and morphological plasticity   pp959 - 961 Amy M Gancarz, Zi-Jun Wang, Gabrielle L Schroeder, Diane Damez-Werno, Kevin M Braunscheidel et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4036 Gancarz et al. identify Activin-receptor signaling—including the downstream transcription factor Smad3—as an intracellular signaling pathway that is regulated in the nucleus accumbens following abstinence from cocaine. The authors demonstrate that altering Activin-receptor signaling bi-directionally regulates relapse behavior and dendritic spine plasticity. Excitatory transmission at thalamo-striatal synapses mediates susceptibility to social stress   pp962 - 964 Daniel J Christoffel, Sam A Golden, Jessica J Walsh, Kevin G Guise, Mitra Heshmati et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4034 Chronic social stress has adverse behavioral consequences and can result in the development of depression in humans. Using a rodent social stress model, we report increased synaptic connectivity between the thalamus and striatum in susceptible mice that controls behavioral coping mechanisms relevant to depression. Articles Top Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS   pp965 - 977 Daniel Erny, Anna Lena Hrabe de Angelis, Diego Jaitin, Peter Wieghofer, Ori Staszewski et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4030 In this study, the authors show that host microbiota play a key role in modulating microglia homeostasis. Germ-free mice or mice with only limited microbiota complexity displayed defects in microglial cell proportions and maturation, leading to impaired innate immune responses. The authors find that short-chain fatty acid signaling regulates these effects in vivo. See also: News and Views by Mosher & Wyss-Coray Central role for PICALM in amyloid-β blood-brain barrier transcytosis and clearance   pp978 - 987 Zhen Zhao, Abhay P Sagare, Qingyi Ma, Matthew R Halliday, Pan Kong et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4025 Zhao et al. report that brain vessels have a major role in clearing Alzheimer's disease-related toxin Aβ from brain and show that PICALM gene product and its variant associated with an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease inactivate an Aβ clearance system in blood vessels, leading to Aβ brain accumulation and cognitive impairment. The human epilepsy mutation GABRG2(Q390X) causes chronic subunit accumulation and neurodegeneration   pp988 - 996 Jing-Qiong Kang, Wangzhen Shen, Chengwen Zhou, Dong Xu and Robert L Macdonald doi:10.1038/nn.4024 The Q390X mutation in the GABAA receptor GABRG2 has been associated with Dravet syndrome in humans. In this study, the authors generated a new genetic epileptic encephalopathy animal model, the Gabrg2+/Q390X knock-in mouse, and show that expression of this mutant protein leads to seizures, chronic accumulation and aggregation of mutant subunit protein and age-dependent neurodegeneration. Distinct circuit-dependent functions of presynaptic neurexin-3 at GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses   pp997 - 1007 Jason Aoto, Csaba Földy, Silviana Maria Ciurea Ilcus, Katsuhiko Tabuchi and Thomas C Südhof doi:10.1038/nn.4037 Neurexins are essential presynaptic cell-adhesion molecules whose biological significance is poorly understood. Here, the authors interrogate Nrxn3 function in two brain regions, using two types of preparations and in three mutant mouse lines, and find that Nrxn3 plays mechanistically distinct, brain region-specific functions to regulate either presynaptic release or AMPA receptor stability. The schizophrenia risk gene product miR-137 alters presynaptic plasticity   pp1008 - 1016 Sandra Siegert, Jinsoo Seo, Ester J Kwon, Andrii Rudenko, Sukhee Cho et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4023 Neurodevelopmental disorders are frequently associated with synaptic dysfunction. Recent genome-wide association studies associate the gene encoding microRNA-137 with an increased risk for schizophrenia. Using mouse and human models, the authors show that dysregulation of this miRNA leads to presynaptic defects and, consequently, to impaired synaptic plasticity and cognitive dysfunction. See also: News and Views by Han et al. mGluR5 in the nucleus accumbens is critical for promoting resilience to chronic stress   pp1017 - 1024 Sora Shin, Obin Kwon, Jee In Kang, Somin Kwon, Sora Oh et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4028 The authors showed that mGluR5 can upregulate the expression of ΔFosB, a resilience molecule, in the nucleus accumbens. In stress-induced animal models of depression, mGluR5-induced upregulation of ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens enhances resilience to stress. A neural network that finds a naturalistic solution for the production of muscle activity   pp1025 - 1033 David Sussillo, Mark M Churchland, Matthew T Kaufman and Krishna V Shenoy doi:10.1038/nn.4042 How motor cortical activity relates to muscle movement is still unclear. Here the authors trained neural networks to reproduce muscle activity of reaching monkeys. The optimal solutions produced by these networks resembled the single-neuron and population level neural activity seen in the motor cortex of the same monkeys. Hand use predicts the structure of representations in sensorimotor cortex   pp1034 - 1040 Naveed Ejaz, Masashi Hamada and Jorn Diedrichsen doi:10.1038/nn.4038 The cortical activity patterns associated with individual finger movements are highly variable across participants, with each person showing a distinct "cortical fingerprint". The idiosyncratic representations are subject to an invariant organization principle: the overlap between activation patterns is tightly shaped by how frequently fingers move together in everyday life. Representation of retrieval confidence by single neurons in the human medial temporal lobe   pp1041 - 1050 Ueli Rutishauser, Shengxuan Ye, Matthieu Koroma, Oana Tudusciuc, Ian B Ross et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4041 The authors show that memory-selective neurons in the human medial temporal lobe signal memory retrieval confidence. Using a balance-of-evidence model, the authors demonstrate that the signals provided by these neurons are sufficient to determine the choice certainty of declarative memory-based decision in single trials. β-amyloid disrupts human NREM slow waves and related hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation   pp1051 - 1057 Bryce A Mander, Shawn M Marks, Jacob W Vogel, Vikram Rao, Brandon Lu et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4035 The mechanisms through which β-amyloid impairs human memory remain unclear. This study shows that regional-specific β-amyloid load in cognitively normal older adults impairs NREM slow wave oscillations, thereby compromising overnight hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation. NREM sleep disruption therefore represents a novel mechanistic pathway through which β-amyloid contributes to hippocampus-dependent memory dysfunction in later life. See also: News and Views by Lucey & Holtzman Top Advertisement   Open for Submissions An interdisciplinary journal dedicated to publishing high-quality open research relevant to all aspects of schizophrenia and psychosis. Explore the benefits of submitting your next research article. Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. Find the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia on natureevents.com. 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